PERCEPTION OF CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Abstract

This paper builds upon the growing body of research exploring cultural ecosystem services (CES) and how individuals responsible for fostering the business environment in these areas perceive them. CES are non-material benefits that people obtain from nature (for example: recreation and ecotourism, aesthetic values, sense of place, spiritual and religious values, inspiration, cultural heritage). The intangible nature of CES complicates their economic valuation, yet they play a crucial role in overall economic development decision-making and investment planning. The economic valuation of CES can highlight the tangible benefits of nature for society, such as through inspirational processes, outcomes, and a sense of place. However, it is necessary to be careful to avoid ethical and practical concerns, such as the commodification of nature.

The primary objective of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program for biosphere reserves is to integrate human values and activities with nature, while preserving the economic, ecological, ethical, and socio-cultural benefits associated with sustainable natural processes. These functions should serve the stakeholders involved in their production and management. Research on the economic value of CES in biosphere reserves highlights their significant contribution to human well-being and sustainable development (Bernadett & Melanie, 2021). It is recognized that ecosystem service values vary across different zones within biosphere reserves based on each zone's objectives; however, cultural and regulating services tend to be significantly higher in core zones (Cusens, Barraclough & Måren, 2022).